Toxicidad y efectos adversos de las lactonas macrocíclicas sobre los escarabajos estercoleros: una revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2018.4.2508Palabras clave:
Efecto, Organismo no blanco, Escarabajo estercolero, Scarabaeidae, Ivermectina, MoxidectinaResumen
Las avermectinas, milbemicinas y espinosinas forman parte de las lactonas macrocíclicas (LM), endectocidas que se obtienen por fermentación de diferentes especies de microorganismos del suelo. Las LM son usadas ampliamente en medicina veterinaria y agricultura debido a su potente actividad contra nemátodos y artrópodos. Sin embargo, estos compuestos al ser eliminados en las heces de animales, causan efectos adversos sobre la fauna edáfica asociada al estiércol. Esta revisión tiene por objetivo documentar los efectos adversos de las avermectinas y milbemicinas sobre los invertebrados terrestres asociados al estiércol, con énfasis en los escarabajos estercoleros de ambientes ganaderos bajo sistemas de pastoreo. Se compiló información sobre la estructura química y los efectos toxicológicos en estudios de laboratorio y de campo, de los compuestos de mayor uso en rumiantes domésticos. Esta información se sintetiza en 6 tablas que incluyen el riesgo toxicológico de las avermectinas (ivermectina, abamectina, doramectina y eprinomectina) y de una milbemicina (moxidectina). La información compilada demuestra que el uso de las avermectinas representa un riesgo ecotóxico alto, en especial para los estadios inmaduros de escarabajos estercoleros. La moxidectina ha demostrado generar menos impacto ecotóxico en comparación con las avermectinas, pero la investigación sobre este compuesto es aún escasa.
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